Victory by the United States in the Revolutionary War did n’t mark the final stage of its problems with European conquest of North America . As Julie M. Fenster depict inJefferson ’s America , her singular history of the exploration of the American frontier , without right mapping and liquidation , the Louisiana Purchase was little more than a few words on paper , the territory ripe to be plucked away , part and parcel of land , by Spain , France , and England .
" The French , " writes Fenster , " sold Louisiana and intentionally left the detail of draw bound to the new owner . " She after writes that the Spanish , who had a significant war machine and administrative presence in the western frontier , " had come to the sensitive conclusion that without money or soldier or people in copiousness , a territory ca n’t be controlled . It can only be held , and rather gently … Exploration could assert dominance , because precise selective information was another ground of power . "
The Louisiana Purchase was France ’s idea . With the Gallic and British on the leaflet of warfare , Napoleon did n’t dare attempt to hold a North American front in plus to the European house . He bonk that the British would encroach upon from Canada at the first opportunity . Moreover , France ’s handle on its North American retention was tenuous at right , the U.S. Congress making things worse with its increase temperament in favour of an armed capture of New Orleans . The whole continent was just more problem than it was deserving , and so the Gallic politics offered to betray its dominion for a song .
Jefferson jumped at the chance and , as he later spell , " by a reasonable and pacific procedure , we have obtained in 4 . month what would have cost us 7 . twelvemonth of warfare , 100,000 human lives , 100 millions of extra debt . "
For Jefferson , it was about more than territorial dominion and political intrigue . While holding the offices of the vice presidency and later the presidency , he also ran the American Philosophical Society , one of the first science instauration in the United States . The frontier presented a bonanza of unnamed flora , fauna , ecosystems , and geology , and it was Jefferson ’s personal obsession to have the frontier thoroughly map and analyze .
Such geographic expedition would be no small labor either physically or intellectually . In his own words , he seek in his ideal explorer " a someone who to courage , prudence , use & health adapted to the forest , & some familiarity with the Indian part , joins a pure knowledge of flora , rude history , mineralogy & uranology . " Though he doubted such hands exist in America , a blizzard of correspondence make out by his own hand would become up a few IE up to the project . These IE were sometimes called " Jefferson ’s Men , " and they managed the seemingly impossible : the exploration , mapping , and surveying of the Cicily Isabel Fairfield . Here are seven explorer of the American frontier , and how they did it .
MERIWETHER LEWIS AND WILLIAM CLARK
Public Domain , Wikimedia Commons
Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant William Clark were task by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana soil and map out a path across the westerly half of North America . They were to meet Jefferson ’s hopes for data on flora and fauna , and to establish patronage with the American Indians they encountered along the way . Moreover , they were to put forward American reign over the areas explored — in other words , to let everyone they encountered know that this commonwealth wasourland . There and back , the expedition lasted just under two - and - a - half year . The journey started out in Wood River , Illinois , and ended at the mouth of the Columbia River in present - day Washington State .
The retort tripper , which go six months , saw the group separate so as to more efficiently search even more territory , which included Yellowstone and the Continental Divide . The expedition ended on September 23 , 1806 . This expedition is notable for the cellular inclusion of Sacajawea , whose contribution involved some work as a guide , but far more importantly , as a multilingual embassador to tribe encountered along the way .
WILLIAM DUNBAR AND GEORGE huntsman
William Dunbar / Public Domain , Wikimedia Commons
Fenster describes George Hunter as an " animated tourist , " who " delighted in everything from the howl of wolves in the distance to the mass of another vessel on the river . " He was " a salutary backwoodsman and always a resilient one . " He was also a chemist of some repute , which fit Jefferson ’s Federal Reserve note for someone capable to truly analyze the land . William Dunbar , meanwhile , was a wealthy monger whose loyalties were ever in motion . Spanish , French , American — it was all the same to him . He just wanted to beout there . He had a love of , and talent for , science , and word of honor of this reached the frailty president of the United States and chair of the American Philosophical Society . In Fenster ’s run-in , Jefferson " originate correspondence , capturing Dunbar as though he were a bird formerly believed extinct . "
While Lewis and Clark explore the northerly part of the Louisiana Purchase , Dunbar and Hunter , soon brought together , were charged with the Ouachita River , an " alligator - infested , lumber - choke off river in the parched Southwest . " The excursion brought them to the hot springs of Arkansas . Ultimately , the men completed a geologic and zoological study of the estate along the river , as well as a chemic psychoanalysis of the red-hot springs .
THOMAS FREEMAN AND PETER CUSTIS
In 1806 , Thomas Freeman and Peter Custis embarked on an geographic expedition of the Red River . Freeman was a highly realised surveyor who had complete the extremely contentious survey of what would be the nation ’s capital on the Potomac , and after facilitate survey the thirty-first Parallel separating U.S. and Spanish territory in the Southeast . ( A present - 24-hour interval map of the United States will reveal a square line separate part of Louisiana from Mississippi , and Florida from Alabama . That is the 31st Parallel . His study in D.C. and in establishing the borders of southerly states has stood the test of clock time . ) Custis impart to the expedition his expertise as a natural scientist and a physician - in - training .
The men traveled from Natchez , Mississippi to confront - day New Boston , in northeast Texas . Along the way , they encountered " almost impenetrable Swamps & Lakes for more than 100 stat mi , " according to Custis . In Texas , they encountered Spanish soldiers who had been tipped off about their jaunt , and were made to move around back . Still , the scientific reflection forgather from the 600 - mile stretch of frontier proved invaluable to Jefferson , who now knew the land to be worthy of settlement . It also established quick relations with native tribes along the way , and the fallout from the Spanish confrontation would draw Spain to allow American expeditions along its Red River holdings .
ZEBULON PIKE
Zebulon Pike first joined the Army at the age of 15 , and 12 years later on would be pose in charge of an junket that would cross the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains . Pike was , consort to Fenster , " born supremely , even mythologically , confident in his sensory faculty of delegacy . " The expedition was n’t an gentle one . After sweep present - daytime Kansas , they come at the Rockies in clip for wintertime and with but a unmarried layer of cotton clothing .
" They had no coat , " writes Fenster , " Or even socks . " When endeavor to make their way and accurately ascertain where they were , Pike lead a group of men to a " blue - touch mickle " where they might reckon down and survey the terrain . What seemed a one - day rise twist into four , and even then the tidy sum " now appeared at the distance of 15 or 16 miles from us , and as high again as what we had rise . “Fenster describesthe hatful as having been " obviously on wheel , " seeming always to be those 15 miles off . Pike eventually turn around , the mountain being " the only thing on worldly concern that ever made him give up . "
The ensuing winter was unkind to the adventurer , bring in frostbite , illness , near - starving , and subzero temperatures . Still , his valet believe in Pike and his indomitable spirit , and they survived ; they eventually reached the Rio Grande in Spanish district , where they were rescued ( and captured ) by the Spanish . Pike and his men were bring to Mexico , and afterward escorted to the Louisiana border at Natchitoches . The blue - tinted mountain was , of course , what is now called Pike ’s Peak .
